Group 1: a single word serves as the question word
Chinese (第几)
Dutch (Hoeveelste)
Esperanto (Kioma)
Finnish (manieth)
French (combientième, quantième) [The poster says quantième is very formal and rarely used.]
German (wievielte)
Japanese (何番目)
Kazakh (Нешінші)
Marathi (kitva) [The poster specifically says Hindi probably does not have this word.]
Persian (چندمین)
Group2: a phrase is needed
Russian (какой по счету)
Swedish (vilken ... i ordningen)
Group 3: some logic is needed to deduce the ordinal number, or you ask in a different way, or there's not a general interrogative construct
English
Italian
Spanish [? debated]