Monday, January 6, 2025

Chinese translation of "黑命贵"

Black Lives Matter的汉译

文章
---引文始---
试看“Black Lives Matter”哪一个正经媒体和体面人会译为“黑命贵”?那是恶意歪曲加种族歧视的垃圾。它的直译是“黑人的命同样重要”,而更为符合中文语法习惯而又准确表达原意的译法“黑人的命也是命”,是最通用的句式。 “黑命贵”抑或“黑人的命也是命”,正是区别人们认知能力与价值观的分野。你使用哪个句式,代表了你拥有什么世界观。
---引文终---

以前不曾思考过Black Lives Matter的多种译法,这里文章作者区分了(1)“黑命贵”、(2)“黑人的命同样重要”、(3)“黑人的命也是命”,认为(2)和(3)都暗示一种平等,即黑人与非黑人的命同样重要,但(1)——如果我没理解错的话——,却拔高了黑人的命。大家都是中文母语者,你觉得“黑命贵”这个说法有黑人的命更珍贵这层含义吗(注意“更”字)?“黑命贵”反过去直译为英文是Black people's lives are expensive,假如我问英美人,这句英语暗示黑人比非黑人的命更贵吗,我不确信答案,但猜想也许有人会认为有这层含义。

英语动词matter没有简单的汉译。It doesn't matter是“没关系”。It matters单独出现会很奇怪,更可能的是It does matter(紧接在另一人先说“没关系”后,译为“有关系”或灵活点“不能说关系”),或It matters to ...(“对…来说重要”)。但“重要”反译为英语是is important,而这并不完全对等matters,因为matters的语气稍弱,可译为“不可忽视”。因此,Black Lives Matter译作“黑人的命不可忽视”在强调的语气程度上更匹配。

比较作者的三种译法,(1)的确可能被部分读者理解为黑人比非黑人命更贵,(没有民调统计,我只是猜想。)那么这个译法确实应该放弃。(2)(3)都没有这层含义,跟我的“黑人的命不可忽视”相当。

评“黑命贵”:“贵”做表语指价格高,做定语指高贵。假如做表语还要取“高贵”的意思,就不能单用“贵”字。

Thursday, June 13, 2024

Do not store up for yourselves treasures on earth

英语He hit the man with a crutch有歧义,既可能是“他用拐杖打了那个人”(with a crutch作状语修饰hit),也可能是“他打了那个拄拐杖的人”(with a crutch作定语修饰the man)。但在汉语中不可能造出兼有这两种意思的歧义语句。

圣经·马太福音6:19-21》:“不要为自己积攒财宝在地上;地上有虫子咬,能锈坏,也有贼挖窟窿来偷。只要积攒财宝在天上;天上没有虫子咬,不能锈坏,也没有贼挖窟窿来偷。”这段话中,“在地上”和“在天上”是语句的状语,修饰谓语“积攒”。这段话的英语一般是:Do not store up for yourselves treasures on earth, where moths and vermin destroy, and where thieves break in and steal. But store up for yourselves treasures in heaven, where moths and vermin do not destroy, and where thieves do not break in and steal. 其中on earth和in heaven既可能是修饰store up的状语,也可能是修饰treasures的定语。哪种理解正确?

查到罗曼语言如法、西、意大利语对这段话的翻译,与英语一样,也无法区分。但德语的翻译可以,如第一句是Ihr sollt euch nicht Schätze sammeln auf Erden。既然auf Erden(“在地上”)与Schätze(“财宝”)分离,前者就不可能是修饰后者的定语。我在脸书Polyglots群问,在其他哪些语言中我们能看出《圣经》这段话的翻译明确地是状语或定语?日语如何?有人指出,日语这段话是

“地上に財宝を蓄えるな”,其中“地上に”是修饰“蓄える”的状语。

那么,我们得知这段话在汉、日、德语中都把“在地上”和“在天上”理解为修饰谓语动词“积攒”的状语,应该不会错了吧?我到一个讨论宗教的论坛问,并且指出这三种语言的翻译都采用了状语理解(没有贴出原文,因为讨论者不大可能懂英语以外的语言),还增加了一点说明:假设“在地上”和“在天上”被理解为定语,那我们凡人怎么能做到积攒天上的财宝?我们还未到天上呢。很快有几个人回复,他们的意见一致,都认为“在地上”和“在天上”是定语,修饰“财宝”,并引用《圣经》中其他段落解释为什么这种理解是正确的。

这就有趣了:至少几个美国(很可能是美国)的宗教人士的理解与圣经的至少三种语言的翻译都不同,要么这几人错,要么这三种翻译错。

[增补]耶稣以阿拉姆语传道。几个美国基督徒对《圣经》一段话的理解与《圣经》的汉、日、德语翻译不同,他们中一人问这段话的阿拉姆语如何?我只搜到公元8世纪的文本: https://theholyaramaicscriptures.weebly.com/mat-6.html,从它严格的英译看,其中“在地上”、“在天上”是修饰“积攒”的状语,不是修饰“财宝”的定语,与汉、日、德语译本一致,与这几人的理解相悖。此时,他们中一人说“谈到语法和上帝的话语时,语法是无用的”("When it comes to grammar and God's Word, grammar gets a no-go")。

Wednesday, June 12, 2024

Questionable English translation of Karl Marx's words

[English version follows]

马克思关于家庭的一段中文翻译:
“那时就可以看出,妇女解放的第一个先决条件就是一切女性重新回到公共的劳动中去;而要达到这一点,又要求个体家庭不再成为社会的经济单位。”(《马克思恩格斯全集·二十一卷·二、家庭》
https://www.marxists.org/chinese/marx-engels/21/005-03.htm

这句话的英译可能有误:
"Then it will be plain that the first condition for the liberation of the wife is to bring the whole female sex back into public industry, and that this in turn demands the abolition of the monogamous family as the economic unit of society."
https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1884/origin-family/ch02d.htm
其中汉译的“妇女”是英译的wife(妻子),汉译的“个体家庭”是英译的monogamous family(一夫一妻制家庭)。难道恩格斯在主张废除一夫一妻制家庭?多年来,讲英语的网民似乎的确有这样的看法,甚至维基The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State条也有这样的倾向。

看看恩格斯的德语原文:
"Es wird sich dann zeigen, daß die Befreiung der Frau zur ersten Vorbedingung hat die Wiedereinführung des ganzen weiblichen Geschlechts in die öffentliche Industrie, und daß dies wieder erfordert die Beseitigung der Eigenschaft der Einzelfamilie als wirtschaftlicher Einheit der Gesellschaft."
http://www.mlwerke.de/me/me21/me21_036.htm
其中汉译的“妇女”、英译的wife是德语的Frau,这个德语词兼有“妇女”和“妻子”两个意义。虽然在这段以上的文字中可译作“妻子”,但在这句话中译为“妇女”更恰当。更重要的不同之处在于Einzelfamilie,英语直译即single family或individual family、汉语“个体家庭”,但marxists.org网站收录的英译为monogamous family,意思就非常不同了,可以认为是严重的误译。另外,德语Vorbedingung直译是“先决条件”,英译为condition而不是precondition则稍有偏差。至于德语Industrie被汉译为“劳动”还是“事业”无关紧要。

总之,这段话的汉译高于英译。汉译中唯一可商榷的是头两个字“那时”,也许是“那么”(德语dann,英语then)的笔误。

English version

Frederick Engels' Einzelfamilie was translated as 'monogamous family'. I don't think that's right. The German original is

"Es wird sich dann zeigen, daß die Befreiung der Frau zur ersten Vorbedingung hat die Wiedereinführung des ganzen weiblichen Geschlechts in die öffentliche Industrie, und daß dies wieder erfordert die Beseitigung der Eigenschaft der Einzelfamilie als wirtschaftlicher Einheit der Gesellschaft."

The English translation on the fairly authoritative or at least frequently cited website Marxists.org is

"Then it will be plain that the first condition for the liberation of the wife is to bring the whole female sex back into public industry, and that this in turn demands the abolition of the monogamous family as the economic unit of society."

I think the German word Einzelfamilie should be translated simply and literally as 'single family' or 'individual family'. Engels was proposing that we not treat each family as an economic unit. It's possible that a careless English reader of the above translation would focus on just the phrase "abolition of the monogamous family" and assume that Engels was advocating abolition of monogamous families (and therefore calling for polygamy). That would be a gross misunderstanding of Engels. The word 'monogamous' or its noun means something totally different.

Also, the German word Frau in this context means 'woman' more than 'wife'. But that's a minor point.

Saturday, January 20, 2024

Correcting a petition

以前写过一篇Incorrect English in a petition to the White House(或见微博),其中我对一篇请愿书做了改病句、改错词。最近读到内容相似的一篇请愿书,英语相对好很多。文章如下,我的评论在括弧中。

Sun is the sole suspect in a notorious (比上一篇请愿书用famous好多了) and high-profile poisoning case in China. In 1994/1995, Tsinghua University (上一篇该词的首字母误写为小写u) student Ling Zhu was repeatedly poisoned with thallium (上一篇该词的首字母误写为大写T) while she was studying at the university. Sun (此处缺逗号) who was (省略who was更好,因为后面主句动词又用了was) Zhu’s roommate in the dormitory, was the only individual with both access to the toxin and a motive. This act resulted in catastrophic consequences for Ling Zhu, leaving her paralysed with brain damage. Zhu has (简单过去式应略去has) died on 22 Dec 2023 (此处缺逗号) which now makes Sun a murder suspect.

Due to Tsinghua University's inaction and Sun's politically powerful family, key evidence vanished, and (此处缺定冠词the) investigation tamed. (暂未搜到tame的这种用法,也许是澳洲英语?我会用stalled) This unsolved case has evoked considerable public outrage and sympathy for Zhu's family over the past 30 years.

Sun later escaped to the U.S and in 2013, following the U.S. Chinese community's discovery of her presence and (and应改为逗号) a petition was launched with over 151,000 people. (people改为signatures或people's signatures更好)

Sun is now residing in Australia with companies and multiple estates jointly owned by her and her husband Feiyu Xie whom she supposedly divorced.

I appeal for a thorough investigation into whether Sun had provided false information when obtaining Australian visa and if (此处缺she) had arranged a fake marriage with Mr. Kosloski to obtain Australian residency. If warranted, Sun should face deportation. Australia is a nation known for its beauty and integrity, it is no long (应为longer) a dumping ground for convicts! We must not allow individual (应为复数individuals) with such a past in our precious country.

As demonstrated by the public’s voice. We (除非是固定惯例,否则句号应为逗号,We应为we) call for Sun to return to China and face justice.

... If you have additional information and would like to report Sun, you can email andrew.giles.mp@aph.gov.au or via Minster (应为Minister) for Immigration

Sunday, November 26, 2023

Oxford comma (牛津逗号)

牛津逗号(Oxford comma),又称连续逗号(Serial comma),是指如果并列三个或更多的名词,在倒数第二个名词之后添加逗号。例如
France, Italy, and Spain
假如省略这个逗号,就写成
France, Italy and Spain
两种写法都不错,但牛津逗号现在越来越流行,尤其是在美国。《牛津书写风格手册》曾建议使用,因此得名。

为什么牛津逗号值得推荐?因为英语里有同位语短语或词组,它与前面的名词也是用逗号与它隔开。同位语词组由两部分组成,中间用一个逗号。有三个或更多的名词时使用牛津逗号有助于将它与同位语词组区分开来。例如
(1)We invited the rhinoceri, Washington, and Lincoln.(“我们邀请了犀牛、华盛顿和林肯。”)
如果不用牛津逗号
(2)We invited the rhinoceri, Washington and Lincoln.(“我们邀请了犀牛,即华盛顿和林肯”,或“我们邀请了犀牛、华盛顿和林肯。”)
语句(2)有两种解读,如果读者习惯了牛津逗号的书写并且以为作者在他的写作中也遵守这个规则,读者就会理解为“我们邀请了犀牛,即华盛顿和林肯”,就是说将Washington and Lincoln(“华盛顿和林肯”)看作是复数的rhinoceri(“犀牛”)的同位词组而对它具体列举说明(好比I have two sons, John and Jack中的John and Jack)。这种理解并非完全无理,因为有可能犀牛饲养员或动物园的确有两只犀牛,还给它们分别取名为“华盛顿”和“林肯”。

但牛津逗号并不解决所有问题,例如
They went to Oregon with Betty, a maid, and a cook.
无论如何这句话都有两种理解:
“他们和贝蒂、一个女佣和一个厨师一起去了俄勒冈州。”
“他们和贝蒂(一个女佣)和一个厨师一起去了俄勒冈州。”
为避免这种语义模糊性,语句必须改写。一个好的作者或作家必须随时提醒自己,写出的语句是否会被误解。当然,故意造成歧义而产生一种特殊的修辞效果则另当别论。

Sunday, October 29, 2023

Shall or will?

When I learned English thirty plus years ago in China, we were taught to say "I shall", "we shall", and "you will", "he/she/it will". That is, "shall" for the first-person verb and "will" for the second- and third-person. But coming to the US, I realize "shall" is rarely said. It is said if the speaker intends to emphasize his (her) point and in that case it's not limited to the first person. I just came across the renowned English language linguist David Crystal's The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language where (on p.224) he says "[m]odern usage does not observe this distinction. Indeed, it may never have existed in the language, but only in the minds of grammarians anxious to impose order on a 'messy' area of usage". Wasn't that enlightening, especially the latter statement! I don't know if the English textbooks in China still recommend that usage. It misled a generation of English learners back then. One coworker of mine who came to the US from southern China in the 1970s still says "I / we shall" today, though this is a fellow that couldn't care less about English, judging by his frequent spelling errors and strong accent in spite of his 40+ years living in the US. Fortunately, no other rules made up by the prescriptive grammarians came into the textbooks we were using, such as the no split infinitive rule (i.e. avoid saying "to fully understand"). Apparently the English educators in China did keep an eye on the actual usage of the language in English-speaking countries.